PLEASE RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING POST OF A CLASSMATE IN 100 WORDS, Remember that your posts must be substantive and contribute to the dialogue that is taking place and Response posts must offer at least TWO new piece of information or insight.

Classmate Post:

1. a) Define epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions that are found in a specific region or population. (Brachman 2017) Epidemiology is used to identify risk factors for diseases and outbreaks, as well as how we can prevent them. Epidemiologists collect data, analyze statistics and then interpret their findings. Epidemiologists can help public health by using their research to assist in developing evidence-based practices.

1. b) Discuss the steps in the epidemiologic process

The epidemiologic process begins by confirming that there is an epidemic and affirm the diagnosis. (Brachman 2017) You may then create a case definition and begin gathering data on different cases. Now with the information gathered you analyze the data by time, place and person. (CDC 2017). This data helps to develop a hypothesis, with this you can develop control and prevention measures to help neutralize the disease. The public will be made aware of the findings and recommendations. (CDC 2017) Finally, we can evaluate the effectiveness of the control and preventive measures.

1. c) Explain each of the following concepts: Population Risk, Levels of Prevention, & the Web of Causation Model

Population Risk is the percentage of the general population that have specific conditions, certain disadvantages or genetics that make them more susceptible to infection or disease. (Kisling 2023).  For example, economically disadvantaged people, elderly people, and people with preexisting chronic health conditions. There are four levels of prevention, Primordial prevention, Primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention.   

      Primordial prevention focuses on reducing risk factors that will affect an entire population, this most commonly involves national policy and social changes. (Kisling 2023).  Primary prevention includes implementing interventions that target a specific group of people or a certain community that is at high risk. (Kisling 2023). An example of a primary prevention is immunizations. Secondary prevention focuses on detecting a disease early and quickly treating it to prevent the disease from progressing.

The goal of tertiary prevention is to develop ways to decrease the adverse effects that have impacted a personhealth and help prevent further complications from occurring.  Some examples of tertiary preventions include surgical procedures and medications. Quaternary prevention protects patients from interventions that cause more harm to them than good. (Kisling 2023). The purpose of The Web of Causation Model is to explain where a disease began. This model considers multiple factors and routes when trying to find a cause for a disease. It shows that the same disease can occur from multiple routes instead of just one.

Brachman, P. S. (2017, January 1). Epidemiology. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7993/#:~:text=Epidemiology%20utilizes%20an%20organized%20approach%20to%20problem%20solving,report%3B%20and%20%288%29%20evaluating%20control%20and%20preventive%20measuresLinks to an external site..

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, December 13). Conducting a field investigation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/eis/field-epi-manual/chapters/Field-Investigation.htmlLinks to an external site.

Kisling, L. A. (2023, August 1). Prevention strategies. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537222/#:~:text=These%20preventive%20stages%20are%20primordial%20prevention%2C%20primary%20prevention%2C,but%20also%20downstream%20complications%20of%20a%20manifested%20diseaseLinks to an external site..